Similar to your first blog post, I want you to explore what rhetoric is--how it is defined and used, why it is important to know and understand, how it connects to composing, what it means to you in the class and in the major. Use the reading to ground your post, but also begin to synthesize (this means taking your thinking past a summary) to make connections to the class, to each other, and to yourself as a composer. You can also use this post to explore what rhetoric means today in our society--the ways in which people practice it (often without evening realizing it) and how it might be useful for you once you graduate.
Your response should do the following:
*about 500 words
*thoughtful and provoking
*engaged with several other posts (not just the first person!)
*incorporate the text
This introduction to rhetoric gave many examples of what rhetoric could be defined as. The definition that I feel is most fitting is “the use of language, written or spoken, to inform or persuade.” (1) Although this is such a general definition, for something like rhetoric it is better to be vague. Rhetoric can be used for writings, speeches, or just the way of life a person chooses to live by. The breaking of familiarity and challenging of boundaries that was displayed throughout history has shaped the way rhetoric is looked upon today.
ReplyDeleteThe way a composer uses their language is so critical to not only the result of the writing, but the interpretation of the writing amongst readers. The purpose of rhetoric is to relate an audience to the writing as well as the composer. The introduction goes through many examples throughout history of how rhetoric has shaped our means of composition, most of which apply directly to our lives today.
The first discussion broken down in this introduction is the preparation of a speech. The parts are the invention, the arrangement, the style, the memory, and the delivery. All of these aspects of a speech can not only apply to our daily lives, but specifically the major we have all chosen. The first part of a speech is the invention, which seems elementary to consider. Obviously the first step is to construe the idea, however within our major sometimes this can be tricky, because the next section involved in invention is ensuring that the “topoi” are satisfied. In order to satisfy this, a certain level of certainty amongst both the reader and the composer must be known. This is where the ethos, pathos and logos begin to come into play, in order to relate to the reader.
The following steps of arrangement and style seem to fit together. Arrangement is just as it sounds, by going through the steps of “the introduction, the statement of the issue, the argument, and the conclusion” (5) after the arrangement is found, the style can be addressed. The style is the way the composer “decorates” the composition. The final segment is the memory of the speech, which is also just as is sounds. The memorization of the speech was interestingly enough described in a way I have never used. By placing the different sections of a speech in a different room of a house, and walking through the house throughout your speech, the speech will not be forgotten. (7)
An interesting point of this was the connection between each time period, and how we communicate through rhetoric today. What is similar though to today’s obstacles is that a form of communication must be carefully chosen in order to rhetorically address the situation. Each day we face situations where something is compromised. The use of rhetoric can either make or break the situation. For example, in the working world, the way an employee addresses their employer on a day to day basis can either promote a good attitude, or create an issue. The way in which we choose to address an employer is an example of rhetoric, because the ultimate goal in rhetoric is to relate to the audience.
After reading this article, a couple of key points stood out that related to society today in relation to rhetoric. Specifically, in the Rhetoric and Psychology section. Nothing is private anymore, and this is where I started to notice conflicting viewpoints all within the topic of rhetoric. Initially, we learned that anything could be rhetorical, be it a text message or a letter. However, psychological rhetoric states the following: “the scene of psychological rhetoric, in its textbooks and theories, is a mind, not a public forum.” (12) If these types of forums whether public or private are not considered rhetorical, then the definition yet again changes. This again shows that although the definition of rhetoric may change, the fact is that rhetoric is based on writing, and the thoughts put into the work behind it. Even simple text messages have thought put behind them, so logistically they seem to fall into the rhetorical category.
I couldn’t help but chuckle at the comic after the reading. It’s funny how the matter of things, of any importance, really doesn’t matter but instead how we approach it and communicate it. If you don’t word what you are saying correctly, you receive no praise for your knowledge alone. This helped me to see just how important rhetoric is not just today but throughout time and all society. I guess what this means to my major is always be mindful of what you say and what you write as a composer because you never know how that one thing you didn’t word the way you should of will affect you later on in your career. I do think that it is necessary to apply rhetoric in daily situations, to be mindful of your audience, choose the best way to approach discourse etc. But never thought about how deeply rooted rhetorical situation really is.
ReplyDeleteAccording to the reading, the origins of rhetoric happened sometime around the fifth century when it developed in Greek probate courts and flourished under Greek democracy. So it is clear that the art of speaking persuasively is by no means a recent skill. From the period of classical rhetoric, there came labels for different forms of speech including legal/forensic, political/deliberative, and ceremonial/epideictic. This gave way to the establishment of five stages, still used today, for preparing speech; Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory and Delivery. The Sophists of Aristotle’s day defended an important position that all knowledge is contingent. I am a believer of skepticism first and foremost and these guys seemed to have had this all figured out. Knowledge is always changing because there are always opportunities for advancement which have some effect on what we already know. I hope this presents the possibility of an argument.
Continuing on, the medieval stages of rhetoric made itself primarily useful, although at first unwelcome, to the advancements of religion. Stylistic rhetoric became a widespread study eventually making it’s way into vernacular grammar. In the Renaissance, language and rhetoric where synonymous and mostly limited to style. While the issue of public discourse among women persisted, patrons such as Margaret Fell made an aggressive defense on the rights of women in literacy and public speaking. Around the time of the enlightenment period, many high society theorists; Bacon, Locke, Descartes, Vico, contemplated the meaning of absolute truth. This led to the acknowledgement of diverse mental representations and the introduction of human psychology into rhetoric.
In cooperation of the many great minds to build upon the meaning of rhetoric, there where two things that left their mark on my mind. Nietzche theorizes that language can never be objective or neutral, it is always partial, value-laden, intentional; rhetorical. Burke analyzes that rhetoric merges with political, psychological, sociological, religious, and aesthetic investigation of human behavior. These two men laid the groundwork of understanding between the relationship of rhetoric and human psychology. Virginia Woolf, who I especially love, also remarks that the contributions of women in the world of rhetoric is still unknown which speaks loudly to me as a future woman writer. To summarize, There is much to be left to someone’s own interpretations, but the work of rhetoric is to bridge the gap between someone else’s and our own understanding.
This week’s reading contained numerous definitions for rhetoric. I think those can all be summed up in to one, something similar to Kimi’s: Rhetoric is the artful/creative use of language, in any form, to stimulate an audience and bring about a response. In ancient Greece and Rome, rhetoric was the sole basis of education, and could be wielded as a powerful weapon in politics. Speeches had a set form, and he who spoke the best won the vote.
ReplyDeleteAs the eras of Greece and Rome faded into history and Christianity swept over the known world, Augustine sought for a way to connect the greatness of his church with that of the ancient rhetoricians. He successfully argued that “Christianity cannot afford to eschew a powerful tool for defending and expounding its principles and beliefs” (8). As time moves on, rhetoric leads to the introduction of a formal system of legal documentation as letter-writing etiquette was stiff as a board in the Renaissance.
In the time of the Enlightenment, it was constantly argued whether invention of an argument should be part of rhetoric, since that was the time of asking questions and finding the answers on one’s own. As we move through the 18th century, rhetoric focused on the Romantic ideals of the time, as is seen in the belle lettres of the Belletristic Movement, and its emphasis on taste and style.
And finally, as the modern era opens and progresses, there is a constant focus on the argument and audience, and let’s not forget the situation and context of it all.
It is clear that no matter what time period we look at or what the rhetorical focus was at the time, there is always a clear link to composition, whether that be orally (through a memorized and effectively performed speech) or physically (through a letter written with strict guidelines in mind).
I believe this class, as well as the major, both forces and allows us to combine the ideas of each and all of these historical time periods to create new and interesting ways of presenting our ideas and the ideas of others, be it through our speech, visual aids, or nifty computer projects.
I have to disagree with Kimi on her position that rhetoric is based on writing. While it is a very arguable point, and she is in now way wrong, I feel that rhetoric is more based on speech, from which it originated. In its beginnings, rhetoric was taught to the young men of ancient Greece and Rome so that they could make powerful speeches which they could present, completely memorized, to the Assembly or Senate. In the Rhetoric course last semester we discussed how some of these orators would have their speeches written for them by logographers, and how that was seen as a poor reflection on their soul, which would therefore act as a poor influence on the community as a whole.
I really enjoyed Jocelyn’s finally bit about the connection between people’s understandings through rhetoric and psychology. I think she makes an excellent point about individual interpretations, and I’d have to agree with her reference to Nietzsche and Burke.
Call me old fashioned, but I’m particularly inclined to appreciate the more ancient of rhetoric definitions. “The art of persuasive speaking” just has such a ring to it that rhetoric becomes initially more appealing with observation of the evolution of rhetoric’s definition (2). Such power is put behind the original “art.” Within the first few sentences explaining the origins of rhetoric, the force and puissance behind the meaning of the term is evident. While I may go on about enjoying the first definition of rhetoric, I will concede that there are issues in the beginning, leaving the meaning almost too didactic and hollow. The paradox of a didactic art is intriguing, however, and makes the evolution of rhetoric that much more interesting.
ReplyDeleteThe evolution is particularly interesting in the developing of classical rhetoric. When the “bounds of rhetoric expanded” to the point where almost all forms of discourse were included, the significance of rhetoric also formed more prominently (2). The three forms of rhetoric included in the classical definition were basic, and then expanded further to incorporate multiple forms beyond the original list.
Early Christianity ignored most rhetoric. Augustinian ideals may not have spurred much on in terms of new rhetoric, but his work on religion was still significant, nevertheless. The pagan rhetoric from the past did not appeal to the church as something that could buttress the new religion. Yet, with the Renaissance, the change necessary and untouched by early Christianity came to fruition. The reform of stylistic rhetoric, private discourse, and public discourse by women furthered the stance of rhetoric and assisted in the evolution to the rhetoric we know today.
I completely agree with Michael in the appreciation of Jocelyn’s references to Nietzsche and Burke in terms of psychological portions of rhetoric. Particularly, Burke’s postulate on the relationships between political, psychological, sociological, religious, and aesthetic investigation of human behavior tie in well with the generalization of psychological and rhetorical analysis. The work presents that psychology plays a generally large role in the development and use of rhetoric. Classical rhetoric focused on the psychology of the audience to further the motive of the rhetoric. Specifically, classical rhetoric “examined the psychology and moral assumptions of the different kinds of people that may comprise an audience” (3). Such was used to discover the proper uses of logos, ethos, and pathos that were available to particular audiences. This very well seems to be the basis for the relationship between rhetoric and psychology in the eighteenth century. While Aristotile “has more care for psychology than most of his rhetorical descendants do,” the presence of rhetoric in later periods gives a new light on the audience (12).
From Classical rhetoric, one focuses on the appeals to the audience, whereas the eighteenth century deems all minds the same. In the nineteenth century, psychology and rhetoric’s relationship morphed. Yet, “if science, self, and society all escaped the domain of the rhetorical – at least for a time – they have returned in the modern era” (13).
However, I must disagree with Kimi’s reassertion that “the scene of psychological rhetoric, in its textbooks and theories, is a mind, not a public forum” (12). While that was true in the past, in the advent of further psychological discoveries, modern times are different. The reunion of various fields to support rhetorical discourse is evident again in today’s society through analysis and consultation. This consolidation applies too to the EWM major in that rhetoric is a foundation for our work.
I feel that like Kimi said, although simple, I think the definition “the use of language, written or spoken, to inform or persuade,” (1) describing rhetoric fits perfectly. This simple definition is perfect for the word rhetoric, as it can be used in so many different circumstances which fits well because like the passage says it has so many meanings and different types of writing and speech can be seen as rhetoric today. No matter what time frame we look at, rhetoric has been present in nearly all of these, and I think that this major allows us to use all of the historic forms of rhetoric and today’s to compel into our own version of how we see it and create new ways of showing our form of it whether in writing, speech, drawings or on the computer.
ReplyDeleteI agree with Michael to the fact that I feel like rhetoric is based more on speech than in writing. The fact that “the study of rhetoric dominated formal education in the most of Europe and the United States until the nineteenth century” (2) to mainly to teach and provide certain guidelines to these people for social aspects, I think, proves that it was meant for the more social speaking aspect rather than the writing aspect of things. It’s clear that these situations have been around for as long as we have and it is a part of everyone’s day to day life even if they don’t realize it “language is a form of a human action: it requires an agent with a purpose, a scene of action, a rhetoric strategy and an actual speech or text.” (17) The fact that discourse is seen this way, shows the fact that rhetoric is included in all language and public discourse shown by woman definitely helped the way rhetoric is seen in society today. “Words are meaningful only in discourse, and discourse is meaningful to people who understand language by relating its present use to their previous experience of it.” (14) I think that this sentence shows that it is only those who really want to understand language and appreciate the meanings of it, that will really understand the use of rhetoric in everyday life situations and really be grateful for the use of rhetoric in this class to broaden our knowledge and understanding of this complex yet simple word.
I think Jocelyn’s comment about the picture posted in the prompt, which said, “it’s how you communicate your ideas not the ideas themselves that is important” is interesting. I feel that the picture could be interpreted as ironic in certain definitions of rhetoric. For ex, the article talks about Cicero and the importance of rhetoric as an incredibly powerful political weapon in the late Roman period. In Dr.Fleckenstein’s rhetoric class we learned that Cicero also believed in the idea of the “perfectus oratorae”. He classified this rhetor as someone who studied many different disciplines, arts, philosophy, sciences etc. and he emphasized that only through studying all of these disciplines could a person truly be an effective rhetorician. So, for a political figurehead such as a king to say to a prince that he should only be studying rhetoric would probably seem idiotic to Cicero.
ReplyDeleteScholars of the eighteenth century (Locke, Bacon, Vico etc.) who focused on the connection between rhetoric and science would especially disagree with the king’s advice to the prince. The article mentions that by bringing a “scientific attitude to the study of language” one could access the inherent power of the scientific disciplines, like psychology, and apply them to rhetoric. Bacon even assigns a discipline to each mental faculty (philosophy for Reason, literature for Imagination and history for Memory). Which, if studied, would aid a rhetor in appealing to human nature, reason and emotions.
I think that the main thing to take away from the article is that the definition of rhetoric is transient and follows the ideals held by society. Greeks and Romans valued rhetoric’s ability to influence politics and shape society as a whole. The Middle Ages connected rhetoric closely to Christianity, the Renaissance saw a “rebirth” in the study of classical rhetoricians, and the Enlightenment to the present saw an increasing connection between rhetoric, science and psychology.
I would connect the way that we are taught today to the Greeks and Romans. Their study and practice of rhetoric seems incredibly systematic. They had the 5 canons, invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery, which every rhetor or influential citizen studied. Within the five canons they also learned the appeals of ethos, pathos and logos, techniques for memory, how to logically arrange arguments, how to ornament speeches through figures of speech, and how to effectively deliver addresses. One of the most obvious examples today for me would be the FCAT. Our teachers spent years teaching us how to organize our essays into the traditional intro, body and conclusion format. Within that we were taught to use emotional or more ornamental language in our introductions and conclusions, just as Aristotle suggests in the article, and place each fact or supporting point in it’s own paragraph with an explanation.
I really liked Jocelyn’s comment that “the work of rhetoric is to bridge the gap between someone else’s and our own understanding”. I think that is it a great response to Locke’s idea that “generalities created by words might not be the same to all users of the language”. Communicating and understanding messages are, I feel, two of the main goals in the use of rhetoric and they are incredibly important to us as EWM majors. Many of us aspire to be editors, and we would need to use the techniques and ideals of rhetoric in order to effectively synthesize someone else’s work so that the ideas are clear and understandable.
Michael’s comment that rhetoric is based mostly on speech also interested me. I agree that it is based on speech and for that matter I also agree with Kimi that it has a basis in writing. I just think that today rhetoric encompasses so many more media thank just print or speech. For example photographs, graphics, logos etc.
To begin simply, one can tell how important rhetoric is just by examining the writings of others. After reading through the responses to this question I noticed the way in which many of you exerted the very practice that we’re learning about. For example: Michael, I could point out your response so easily after having read several of your papers last year (For example, your little witticism about “nifty computer projects” made me laugh). And DJ, the way you write is so extraordinarily your style that it was like looking at a big black spot on an otherwise white dress (i.e. your vocabulary is heavenly and drastically stands out) which made me note your style and the way you “dress up” your statements with “attractive verbal garb,” but I digress (6).
ReplyDeleteAs Kimi said, “The way a composer uses their language is so critical to...the interpretation of the writing amongst readers.” In the EWM major, we will be studying the ways in which we can incorporate our ideas with the speculated reaction of our audiences. In the article about rhetorical situation, we read about how important context is and how the audience must be considered while writing as well as the constituents which make up the rhetorical situation (exigence, audience, and constraints). When examining rhetoric, it is important to take into account the five stages of speech: Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Speech is further broken down into three appeals: logos, ethos, and pathos. Rhetoric focuses on the mind, “dividing it into faculties to which persuasive appeals, both logical and psychological, can be addressed” (2). In this instance, I agree with Jocelyn when she says that “the work of rhetoric . . . bridge[s] the gap between someone else’s and our own understanding.” Rhetoric serves a multitude of different purposes, all linking our interpretation of something with someone else’s, yet at the same time influencing them in a way to ultimately serve our purpose in the “art of persuasive speaking”(2).
Rhetoric has developed in many different ways throughout the centuries, as Michael elaborated on in his comment, changing with the different responses of the times (The Enlightenment, the Romantics, the Modernists, etc.). It adapted to the views of the people who utilized it to discover their interpretation of Truth, but what is Truth, and how does rhetoric get us any closer to finding it? In the humanities class I took last Spring, we spent the semester trying to answer this question, going about the different ways of analyzing the way authors throughout the centuries put forth their arguments for what truth was, and each time it was in a different style, but still presented a believable and standing argument. The art of rhetoric as a tool to find meaning propels into today’s society. As Michael so wonderfully stated, “this class, as well as the major, both forces and allows us to combine the ideas of [the] historical time periods to create new and interesting ways of presenting ideas … be it through speech, visual aids, or nifty computer projects.”
I’m not quite sure if I’ve even begun to scratch the surface of this question, not to mention rhetoric in general, and while there are many more things to be said, as I am running out of space, I shall have to wait for class to further discuss rhetoric in full, or at least to the best of my ability.
“Rhetoric has always been concerned with political action and the search for knowledge.”
ReplyDeleteSo far, everyone seems to agree to the fact that the term “rhetoric” can be loosely defined, and carries several interpretations. Kimi commented that she thought it best to be vague, when defining rhetoric. I don’t think we have much of a choice. However, I feel like it’s much more important to focus on the meaning behind the idea, rather than the definition. The concept of rhetoric is centuries old, and so has had ample time to evolve into the theories we are familiarizing ourselves with in this major. So what’s the point of rhetoric? What purpose does it serve us, in such modern times? How?
I don’t think I’d be stepping too far out to say that rhetoric can be considered an art. Many people regard speaking (whether public, persuasive, or otherwise) to be an art form. Previously, Michael stated that he believed speech to be the highest form of rhetoric. While I tend to agree, it’s important to remember that rhetoric also includes the act of writing. Although the main event is usually the memorized speech, the speech first comes into existence through writing (whether by the speaker himself, or a logographer!).
In reality, rhetoric does create a sort of convention for what our author calls “linguistic correctness and the artful use of language.” Leads me to believe that the creative or artful aspect of rhetoric is not necessarily part of its structure, but a product that sets it apart from science and mathematics. Like in art, form often trumps matter, and truth is relative. Yet it is this creative aspect that propels rhetoric into movement.
Our author tells us that rhetoric is “intended to teach a practical art and to provide guidelines for discourse in several well-defined social, political, and artistic arenas.”The use of rhetoric as a political tool is undeniably its strongest quality. Courtroom speaking and legal documentation were founded on the principles of rhetoric. To this day, he who presents his case most articulately and convincingly, wins. DJ discusses the importance of involving psychology in the use of rhetoric, helping to define and bring out the use of ethos, logos, and pathos… but especially those concepts involving emotion.
We can’t forget that education is an important function of rhetoric. The relationship of knowledge to language is deeply explored, almost defined by the study of rhetoric. Jocelyn made the statement that knowledge is always changing because of opportunities for advancement. That couldn’t be more true, and rhetoric provides a way for us to acknowledge and embrace that. Rhetoric was a major presence in early education, making up its basic structure. Even in its earliest days, efficient speaking was held as a deeply important skill. Yet we still employ the use of mnemonics and other memory devices. The concept of speech preparation (and all five parts!) is something that can be applied to many aspects of education. As EWM majors, we are learning how to communicate ideas to others in more efficient and creative ways. This skill will surely come in handy when many of us become journalists, writers, editors, or teachers. In the end though, we have to look at the reason why the education of this material is, and always has been, so vital.
To be honest, pretty much the entire reading reminded me of everything I learned in my speech class two years ago, especially talking about Aristotle, logos, pathos and ethos as well as the five parts of a persuasive speech. It was an interesting review which ultimately ended up reminding me how complicated people can make the definition of “rhetoric”.
ReplyDeleteThe time periods don’t all agree on the definition of rhetoric and they don’t all agree on the different elements that make up rhetoric. Classical rhetoric focuses on the persuasive and the parts of a speech, Medieval started moving away from strictly vocal rhetoric, the Renaissance started moving back towards Classical thinking while incorporating written aspects, the Enlightenment tried to turn rhetoric into a science and so on up through the 20th century where people are again learning towards the Classical viewpoint on rhetoric.
Like Kimi, I believe that rhetoric is a means of communication, whether written, spoken, heard or read. Again, I enjoy finding the simplest way of looking at a more complicated picture. Looking at the various definitions history has had throughout the hundreds of years; all the definitions do imply that rhetoric is at the very least a method of communication.
I’m much more inclined to learn towards the Classical definition of rhetoric, one that views rhetoric as an art. I agree with DJ that “the art of persuasive speaking” has a nice ring to it. I think most people who enjoy reading, writing and public speaking would agree with this, too. After all, this is what the EWM major is about, ways we can effectively communicate and help others effectively communicate.
Like we discussed in class last Thursday, rhetoric and composition is largely what we will be dealing with (obviously both in print and online). I also think that rhetoric and composition nearly always –if not always--go hand in hand. For our class, we must know how to communicate with an audience in order to get them to believe us about a particular topic or get them to buy something we are selling. Say one of us goes onto working at a fashion magazine: the person needs to know how to communicate effectively with the audience in order to convince the reader that pink is the new black (for example). Understanding rhetoric will make it easier to persuade the audience.
I also thought that the cartoon was hilarious. I don’t think nearly enough people today understand how important it is to know how to effectively communicate with others. In a time period where schools want to emphasize math and science, they need to take a look at the part that says scientific findings now progresses further through argument. If a scientist can’t persuade a panel of judges that he or she has invented some new must-have drug, what’s the point of going through all the work if you can’t convince people you’re right? There isn’t one.
Rhetoric has been defined many different ways throughout history, but overall, it has held a standard definition of persuasion and argument. Rhetoric is based in leading ideas, motivating, and manipulating using "half truths and empty promises" (1). This is best seen in politics and government.
ReplyDeleteRhetoric is important to understand in terms of composing because it can shape the language and further the message in writing. "it dresses up previously formulated ideas in attractive garb" (6). It helps knowledge spread and is an essential part of purposeful writing.
I disagree with Charlotte and Michael in that I think rhetoric is more important in writing. Even in speech, there is usually writing first. For me and my major, rhetoric helps create a good argument in writing. I believe in purposeful writing. Without rhetoric, there wouldn't be any such thing.
I.A. Richards defines rhetoric as “the study of communication and understanding”. I think I agree with this very broad definition the most compared to the many other definitions from the reading because rhetoric encompasses many different forms of communication. The common thread in rhetoric is the understanding of how communication forms can be used in persuasive ways and/or how language can be used to bring about certain outcomes. When it was first developed in Greece, rhetoric was simply known as the art of persuasive speaking, and it really was a tried and true art! The reading explains, “Rhetoric categorizes the types of discourse it has selected, analyzes each of those types in terms of structure and purpose, and identifies the means for successfully constructing each type.” A skilled rhetor identified the purpose, audience, composition, argumentation, organization and style of his language with meticulous care.
ReplyDeleteRhetorical discourse is any type of discourse, even conversation, that could be seen as persuasive in intent. Understanding rhetoric and the rhetorical situation allows the rhetor to manipulate his speech or writing in a fashion that is more likely to produce desired outcomes. Speech can be used to incite powerful change, political action, etc. In fact, the reading states that, “Rhetoric has always been concerned with political action and the search for knowledge.” The essay also says, “If, as some philosophers maintain, all knowledge is uncertain and constructed by argument, then rhetoric has all the more value because it studies the ways in which argument and persuasion create conviction, and because it creates the provisional agreements and shared values on which human community depends.”Since knowledge is constantly changing and moving and growing, a person’s opinions and what he or she believe to be true are usually pliable and fairly easily manipulated. Understanding persuasive speech can be very beneficial to whatever cause you personally care about and it is therefore vitally important to understand how language can effect a person’s worldview. In contrast, the study of rhetoric can also be beneficial in order to understand whether someone is being honest or simply trying to trick you with elegant language in order to win you over.
I like what Jocelyn said in her blog post: “If you don’t word what you are saying correctly, you receive no praise for your knowledge alone… I guess what this means to my major is always be mindful of what you say and what you write as a composer because you never know how that one thing you didn’t word the way you should of will affect you later on in your career.” She is absolutely right! It is so crucial, especially in our chosen field, that we are meticulous about every word we use and how they affect others. Language is an extremely powerful tool that if wielded with skill can be out best friend in the writing industry and even in day-to-day life.
There are a few different definitions of rhetoric in this article, the one I agree with the most though is that rhetoric is the art of using language/communication to persuade someone. I think that that one is Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric. Anyway, rhetoric is used every day by everyone, someone will bring up an issue that they have to an audience or one or more where they will hear solutions to the issue or the person who brought up the issue will issue several suggestions of how to solve the problem to the audience and proceed to give reasons as to why these suggestions are the best. Of course here are I am referring to politicians. They are some of the easiest and best examples of people who use rhetoric regularly.
ReplyDeleteIt’s important to know and understand rhetoric so that you can use it more effectively. You can use it everywhere; at work, at home, with your friends, etc. If you know how to structure an argument properly with discourse and rhetoric then you can convince your boss that the new plan you came up with will be the best. You could also use it to convince your partner with ample evidence why it would be in his best interest to get the food you crave when you are pregnant. It’s all about knowing how to structure and implement a discussion that will convince/change someone’s viewpoint into agreeing with you or making something possible.
Rhetoric is an integral part of composing. For example, to compose an effective argument you need to know what rhetoric to really understand how to organize and backup it up properly.
Rhetoric in the class means learning to use language, visuals and other things to communicate my ideas/thoughts to others and receive feedback that will help me learn to communicate better. For the major, it means learning how to improve others rhetoric so that I may go into my career of choice after graduating and do well. I agree with DJ that rhetoric is the cornerstone to the work we do in this course, major and inevitably our future careers.
Today rhetoric is the means by which all kinds of people communicate their ideas to others, engage their attention and get them to agree with what they say. A lot of people do it without even realizing what, what they are doing is called. It’s practiced by politicians all the time during their speeches to incite the masses of their parties to vote for them or in the campaign commercials that will expose some fault in their competitor so that you will vote for them instead. It’s also used by companies when they advertise their new products in commercials on the t.v. or internet. It is also used by artists who will draw their points of view on an issue then put the pictures in art shows to show others. Even when you go to the store with your friends, look at clothing, and try to decide what to buy. All in all everyone initiates rhetoric or is a part of someone else’s rhetoric in their everyday lives.
When I graduate I plan on becoming an editor for a book publishing company. Learning what rhetoric is and how to use it properly will help me in advertising for my authors new books. It could also help me in editing their manuscripts to make them more interesting to readers.
Rhetoric is a simple word with an extremely complex meaning, so complex in fact that I doubt anyone knows what it truly means. There are numerous definitions spanning from the “study of relation between language and knowledge” to the “use of language, written or spoken, to inform or persuade” (). Despite its befuddling meaning, rhetoric has long been implemented as a means to share beliefs and initiate change. It’s vital to understand rhetoric because it essentially permeates every aspect of writing and speech. At some point I will want to talk to a group about a topic that really matters to me, to be effective I need to understand the elements of rhetoric. One of the most important aspects to keep in mind is the audience, contrary to the Eighteenth century view; all minds are not the same. Political leanings, religious standpoints, and many other aspects should be taken into consideration.
ReplyDeleteIn terms of composition, rhetoric is the very building blocks of every work whether written or spoken. The five steps of a rhetorical speech, according to Aristotle are invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. If you can perfect these steps of classical rhetoric then all your work will be uniquely your own and highly effective in making an audience see your point of view. Within those five steps are the four elements of a speech that play a large part, they are the introduction, the statement of the issue, the argument, and the conclusion. If you can perfect the art of the rhetoric with those guidelines then you can master any discourse situation.
In accordance with what Jessica said rhetoric is extremely transient and relies entirely on the views of society at the time in question. I pose this argument, that rhetoric has always been exactly what it is, people have always practice it in very much the same manner, the only difference was the focus and how they chose to define rhetoric. I also agree with Melissa’s standpoint on rhetoric being more important in writing, mostly because the written word reaches a larger audience so the writer has more to take into consideration.
For the editing major, rhetoric makes a huge difference because you have to understand something in order to effectively edit it. This class specifically, I’m not sure how we will utilize it exactly yet but I am positive it will play an integral role.
After graduation I think one of the biggest moments to prove our mad rhetoric skills would be our resumes as we attempt to get a job. We have to persuade the companies that we are exactly what they need. Hopefully I’ll be up for the challenge.
I agree with Kimi and JennaD in their assessment that it is best to define rhetoric with vague terms. The text presents many overlapping definitions of rhetoric most pertain to the “use of language, written and spoken, to inform or persuade” (1). A formal definition of rhetoric is so difficult because rhetoric has been around since the Classical times of ancient Greece and Rome. Over the years it has evolved in meaning and its applications have become more varied, however, it has always been strongly associated with politics. Form its origins in early democracy to the propaganda of World War II and Obama’s inaugural address rhetoric continues to play a large role in politics.
ReplyDeleteI have never directly studied rhetoric before and initially found the ambiguity of the word intimidating. However, after reading this and learning about the origins of rhetoric I’ve begun to find the subject fascinating. It turns out that I’ve been studying rhetoric indirectly in history, marketing, debate and english classes most of my life.
Rhetoric has played a large role in shaping our world and shows the power of speech to influence action. To me the most amazing aspect of rhetoric is its applications in my daily life. As a marketer, my objective is to understand and influence public opinion. I agree with Jocelyn’s assessment that the “work of rhetoric is to bridge the gap” between our perceptions and those of others. By understanding this concept we can use rhetoric to better communicate with our audience regardless differences of knowledge, opinion and experience. When you reach your audience on a common ground then they are more likely to listen and respond to your message.
On the most basic level rhetoric deals with the concept that words have the power to move people toward action. It’s the reason that profound speeches such as Martian Luther King Junior’s ‘I Have a Dream’ live on past their initial presentation. Although knowledge changes and our situation today is different form when King originally gave his speech the words are still impactful. Even today when you hear King’s speech you buy into his dream and its application on our society today. Rhetoric transcends the differences in the audience’s knowledge and background by creating a common goal.
Ashley Wands described rhetoric as “the building blocks of composition” and I agree. It combines psychology, sociology, history, philosophy, politics, and current events to create a connection with the audience and effectively convey an idea.
The reading lists various definitions for “rhetoric,” ranging from “the practice of oratory” to “the study of the persuasive effects of language” (1). Based on what I have learned about rhetoric in the EWM program as well as on what this reading says, I think the author of this introduction is right to say that it’s more important to understand the various definitions of rhetoric throughout the years than it is to come up with one solitary definition. Still, I like that Alissa said the various definitions of rhetoric at least all point to one thing: rhetoric is a mode of communication. The fact that rhetoric is communication, and that an important part of rhetoric is its effect on people, are to me the most important things to know about what rhetoric means. This is similar to what Melissa said about a standard definition (though I don’t know if there is one) of rhetoric being persuasion and argument.
ReplyDeleteIn my opinion, Rhetoric’s importance stems from its power. When you understand rhetoric, really comprehend the different definitions that have developed and why they have developed, the power that a speaker or writer has by using rhetoric wisely is obvious. Plus, rhetoric is relevant to everyone. Each person, at some point, will want to get a point across to someone in a persuasive, logical manner that will elicit a specific response from that person.
Autumn says something like that as well, saying that you can use rhetoric everywhere, whether it’s at work or with friends. I especially like the example she gives about a pregnant woman convincing her partner to get the food she wants. Through the study of rhetoric, this becomes easier. For example, the reading mentions the five canons of classical rhetoric (3). Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery are important aspects of writing and speaking.
Those five points, though ancient, are relevant to our class and major. Style is as important as ever, as many speakers and writers are bound by popular culture. Memory and delivery might not be understood or used like they were when this list was compiled (speakers or writers might not be at a podium or speaking through a novel), but their characteristics can be seen in the different types of media used today. This blog is a form of delivery.
It’s important to remember that rhetoric occurs on a small, personal scale, not just a public one. This introduction also mentions letter writing as a form of persuasive communication, which also occurs on a personal level (9). We write letters to potential employers and schools. We use rhetoric in discreet, modest manner in these letters, but the goal is the same: to persuade the employer or school to give you a chance. Whether we realize it or not, we all use rhetoric every day. We even use it when we make plans with friends (I think we should see this movie and not that one because…).
I had to laugh when the part about John Locke came up because it reminded me of "LOST" and how the character of John Locke in the show was always very witty with his speech. He had knowledge and was very pursuasive to the others on the show. As for rhetoric being defined just based on the reading it would be the way we communicate through various forms of communication. Through that communication needs to be some form of knowledge and persuasion, as Jocelyn in her comment, "If you don’t word what you are saying correctly, you receive no praise for your knowledge alone". I agree with this because someone can talk on anything they choose to all day, but no one will understand if it is not spoken correct. Which is why I think it is so important that it had many stages throughout history, in many forms that I would not have thought about. Rhetoric in math? Maybe that's why I don't understand math because the teachers who taught me didn't use good 'rhetoric'.
ReplyDeleteOutside the classroom, wanting to be a journalist, I know that my writing is going to be where people either will be moved by what I have to say and the other half will be pissed off. That is just how it goes, although I would not on purpose offend anyone. However the case may be in this imaginary situation, I have done my job by affecting the audience. Which is why I agree with what Ashley said, "It’s vital to understand rhetoric because it essentially permeates every aspect of writing and speech." It just is an important aspect to any composer because if we cannot understand rhetoric in a general sense then how can we use to to be effective in our writing or speech. I'll make this little example, before sending a text message out to someone, I make sure that what I am saying is going to affect that person through a message. You're going to know I am pleased or upset with you be it I use a smiley face or not. This is how we sometimes don't even realize we are using rhetoric outside the classroom or even at all.
The reading presents an interesting way of looking at rhetoric because it doesn’t try to give a set definition for what rhetoric is, but a collection of several that tend to relate to each other (mostly dealing with language and persuasion). I feel like rhetoric is all of these definitions, it is “the study of the persuasive effects of language” and “the use of language, written or spoken, to inform or persuade.” Like Jessica said, rhetoric is constantly changing in order to adapt to the current ideals in society.
ReplyDeleteIt also gives you a brief history on rhetoric and its uses, which show the most basic form of rhetoric as persuasive speeches t o “empower tyrants, determine public policy, and administer laws.” Mainly displaying the types of topics that rhetoric dealt with most, which happened to be political issues and the search for knowledge.
As far as composing goes, the reading talks about an early depiction of Aristotle’s three types of speech: legal, political, and ceremonial. Yet later on, rhetoricians expanded this list to include all forms of discourse that could be seen as having a potential persuasive intent. This was not limited to conversations as well. I think this is important to remember, because when we compose we are not composing for ourselves (at least most of the time) and it is crucial to know where in these ranks your discourse should lie.
The psychology section is rather interesting in regards to composing because although it may be a bit of a stretch in terms of saying people always seeking self-interest, without considering their audience one would not be able to get a point across. Since this is true, then if you are trying to assert a certain idea on someone else, clearly it is in your self interest that they believe or share this idea with you. I think this is key to understanding of rhetoric because in the class as well as in this major, you will need to be aware of what the rhetor’s self interest is, but also will come in handy when composing, since you’d want to get your point across.
The Sophists section interest me because they believe all language is intentionally persuasive, and if you go back to the point about self interest then that is true. Even for someone writing a fiction novel, the author’s goal is to persuade you, at the very least, to believe these characters are real and that they are actually going through whatever is in the plot.
I really liked Jocelyn’s comment on the importance of communication and wording things in a proper way. I definitely agree with her in this aspect, because taking from what I read in this article, knowing and understanding your audience will let you connect with your audience and have your point across. If you’re using elementary school vocabulary at a graduate level course, then most likely you will not get much feedback, but paired with the proper audience and your discourse may be great.
I believe Sarah Kate nailed the definition of rhetoric in her own terms: “To begin simply, one can tell how important rhetoric is just by examining the writings of others. After reading through the responses to this question I noticed the way in which many of you exerted the very practice that we’re learning about.” And she went on to explain how every person’s comment’s on the blog exemplified their own personal writing style in a detailed and articulate manner, which is usually how her responses have been so far.
ReplyDeleteRhetoric has countless definitions, and the text explained the concept of defining it best: “"It is less helpful to try to define it once and for all than to look at the many definitions it has accumulated over the years and to attempt to understand how each arose and how each still inhabits and shaped the field.” (1)
Alissa Margaret said: “The time periods don’t all agree on the definition of rhetoric and they don’t all agree on the different elements that make up rhetoric. Classical rhetoric focuses on the persuasive and the parts of a speech, Medieval started moving away from strictly vocal rhetoric, the Renaissance started moving back towards Classical thinking while incorporating written aspects, the Enlightenment tried to turn rhetoric into a science and so on…” she provides perfect examples on the complexities of the term, and the way it is sought to be defined.
It is important to know and understand rhetoric because it is a concept that is heavily weaved into everyday life. People attempt to give and experience “effective oratory” (1) everyday, some succeed and some don’t, and that’s where composing effectively plays its role. Melissa said: “Rhetoric is important to understand in terms of composing because it can shape the language and further the message in writing… It helps knowledge spread and is an essential part of purposeful writing.” I completely agree considering that I believe that all writing should have a greater purpose behind it.
Going back to how rhetoric is a part of everyday life: “Today rhetoric is the means by which all kinds of people communicate their ideas to others, engage their attention and get them to agree with what they say. A lot of people do it without even realizing what, what they are doing is called.” Autumn Rose provided a great example, rhetoric ties into everything. As far as my own personal meaning for rhetoric within my major, like I said, I believe in effective writing. Once people realize how important rhetoric is, they can do anything with their writing and their audience. Like MeganValente and Jocelyn said, it’s all about the connection with the audience and how to establish that connection. Rhetoric, I believe, is the secret weapon many writers lack. In this class and within my major I am seeking to improve on my own set of rhetorical skills, and in turn improve my writing. Writing is what I do, what I want to do (career-wise), what I will always do, and there is nothing better than making a concrete connection with your audience. After all, that is the point.
When it comes to defining the term rhetoric I have to agree with what Ashley Wands said about the word being "so complex in fact that I doubt anyone knows what it truly means" it seems to be a word where all create there own personal meaning to it. In the text we read introducing us to rhetoric however the definition that seems to fit the best and show the most overlap seems to be "use of language, written and spoke, to inform or persuade" (1). The definition of the word has been evolving over time as it has been used for several different purposes. MeganValente's comment on "Form its origins in early democracy to the propaganda of World War II and Obama’s inaugural address rhetoric continues to play a large role in politics." makes a valid popping that in most recent years I feel its used heavily in politics to convince voters to see things how the politicians want them viewed.
ReplyDeletePrior to this class I never thought that I Had ever studied rhetoric. Thinking the only time I really studied rhetoric was in a high school English class and that itself was pretty limited. But after reading this article I realize I have been studying it some way though out all the classes I have been taking. Melissa's comment that "Rhetoric is important to understand in terms of composing because it can shape the language and further the message in writing…" couldn't be more on the money for me. Rhetoric is vital in all the writing because it allows the message that is trying to be spread to actually take effect to the audience. Its important to know and understand rhetoric because it allows you to persuade your target audience when writing. When explaining how rhetoric connects to composing Autumn Rose's example "…to compose an effective argument you need to know what rhetoric to really understand how to organize and backup it up properly." says it most effectively.
Personally I feel the art of language is amazing and can be extremely influential if used properly and thats why grasping knowledge of rhetoric and all its aspects are important because it allows the writer to communicate ideas to an audience.
I completely agree with what Jocelyn mentioned earlier in the post, “ it doesn’t matter what you’re talking about but instead how we approach it and communicate it.” To me this is a great explanation of rhetoric because so many things consist of rhetoric, almost everything, whether it is an important subject matter or not. A rhetor could literally be talking about a pair of socks, but if he/she chooses the right words and addresses the right audience he /she can easily have the power to persuade.
ReplyDeleteI’d have to say I disagree with Melissa in that although I believe rhetoric is important in writing, it is ultimately most important in speech. While yes, in most cases there is writing first , I believe the way it is communicated is most important when winning over an audience. It is the rhetors job to capture the attention of the audience and it is much easier to do that with the help of facial expressions and enthusiasm, or in some cases less for certain situations. It takes an amazing writer to really capture and engage the audience fully just on paper, and even so, the rhetor can not respond to the reaction of the audience. A strong rhetor would pay close attention the reaction of the audience and change their approach in the best way they see fit for the situation, because not one situation is exactly the same.
I find that I use rhetoric almost everyday. Mostly every time, I repeat mostly, I open my mouth. It isn’t without careful thought on how I would like my opinion to come across. I don’t only do this for my sake for wanting my opinion to come out the right way, but also in respect for whomever I may be talking to. Whatever I choose to say can be judged and/or affect the person I am talking to in both a negative or positive manner. Just how it was mention in the reading that it is important to understand rhetoric because it permeates every aspect of writing and speech. When I am speaking/writing it is of great importance to me that I send out the right message and influence people in the best way possible. Without rhetoric, I would not have the tools to do so.